LUMI Software Stacks

In this section we discuss

• Several of the ways in which we offer software on LUMI
• Managing software in our primary software stack which is based on EasyBuild

The software stacks on LUMI

Design considerations

• LUMI is a very leading edge and also an inhomogeneous machine. Leading edge often implies teething problems and inhomogeneous doesn't make life easier either.

  1. It uses a novel interconnect which is an extension of Ethernet rather than being based on InfiniBand, and that interconnect has a different software stack than your typical Mellanox InfiniBand cluster.
  2. It also uses a relatively new GPU architecture, AMD CDNA2, with an immature software ecosystem. The GPU nodes are really GPU-first, with the interconnect cards connected directly to the GPU packages and only one CPU socket, and another feature which is relatively new: the option to use a partly coherent fully unified memory space between the CPU and GPUs, though of course very NUMA. This is a feature that has previously only been seen in supercomputers in some clusters with NVIDIA P100 and V100 GPUs and IBM Power 8 and 9 CPUs used for some USA pre-exascale systems.
  3. LUMI is also inhomogeneous because some nodes have zen2 processors while the two main compute partitions have zen3-based CPUs, and the compute GPU nodes have AMD GPUs while the visualisation nodes have NVIDIA GPUs.

  Given the novel interconnect and GPU we do expect that both system and application software will be immature at first and evolve quickly, hence we needed a setup that enables us to remain very agile, which leads to different compromises compared to a software stack for a more conventional and mature system as an x86 cluster with NVIDIA GPUs and Mellanox InfiniBand.

• Users also come to LUMI from 12 different channels, not counting subchannels as some countries have multiple organisations managing allocations, and those channels all have different expectations about what LUMI should be and what kind of users should be served. For the major LUMI stakeholder, the EuroHPC JU, LUMI is a pre-exascale system meant to prepare users and applications to make use of future even large systems, while some of the LUMI consortium countries see LUMI more as an extension of their tier-1 or even tier-2 machines.

• The central support team of LUMI is also relatively small compared to the nature of LUMI with its many different partitions and storage services and the expected number of projects and users. Support from users coming in via the national channels will rely a lot on efforts from local organisations also. So we must set up a system so that they can support their users without breaking things on LUMI, and to work with restricted rights. And in fact, LUMI User Support team members also have very limited additional rights on the machine compared to regular users or support people from the local organisations. LUST is currently 10 FTE. Compare this to 41 people in the Jülich Supercomputer Centre for software installation and support only... (I give this number because it was mentioned in a a talk in the EasyBuild user meeting in 2022.)

• The Cray Programming Environment is also a key part of LUMI and the environment for which we get support from HPE Cray. It is however different from more traditional environments such as a typical Intel oneAPI installation of a typical installation build around the GNU Compiler Collection and Open MPI or MPICH. The programming environment is installed with the operating system rather than through the user application software stack hence not managed through the tools used for the application software stack, and it also works differently with its universal compiler wrappers that are typically configured through modules.

• There is an increasing need for customised setups. Everybody wants a central stack as long as their software is in there but not much more as otherwise it is hard to find, and as long as software is configured in the way they are used to. And everybody would like LUMI to look as much as possible as their home system. But this is of course impossible. Moreover, there are more and more conflicts between software packages and modules are only a partial solution to this problem. The success of containers, conda and Python virtual environments is certainly to some extent explained by the need for more customised setups and the need for multiple setups as it has become nearly impossible to combine everything in a single setup due to conflicts between packages and the dependencies they need.

The LUMI solution

The LUMI User Support Team (LUST) tried to take all these considerations into account and came up with a solution that may look a little unconventional to many users.

In principle there should be a high degree of compatibility between releases of the HPE Cray Programming Environment but LUST decided not to take the risk and build our software for a specific release of the programming environment, which is also a better fit with the typical tools used to manage a scientific software stack such as EasyBuild and Spack as they also prefer precise versions for all dependencies and compilers etc. The stack is also made very easy to extend. So LUMI has many base libraries and some packages already pre-installed but also provides an easy and very transparent way to install additional packages in your project space in exactly the same way as is done for the central stack, with the same performance but the benefit that the installation can be customised more easily to the needs of your project. Not everybody needs the same configuration of GROMACS or LAMMPS or other big packages, and in fact a one-configuration-that-works-for-everybody may even be completely impossible due to conflicting options that cannot be used together.

For the module system a choice had to be made between two systems supported by HPE Cray. They support Environment Modules with module files based on the TCL scripting language, but only the old version that is no longer really developed and not the newer versions 4 and 5 developed in France, and Lmod, a module system based on the LUA scripting language that also support many TCL module files through a translation layer. LUMI chose to go with Lmod as LUA is an easier and more modern language to work with and as Lmod is much more powerful than Environment Modules 3, certainly for searching modules.

To manage the software installations there was a choice between EasyBuild, which is mostly developed in Europe and hence a good match with a EuroHPC project as EuroHPC wants to develop a European HPC technology stack from hardware to application software, and Spack, a package developed in the USA national labs. Both have their own strengths and weaknesses. LUMI chose to go with EasyBuild as the primary tool for which the LUST also does some development. However, as we shall see, the EasyBuild installation is not your typical EasyBuild installation that you may be accustomed with from clusters at your home institution. It uses toolchains specifically for the HPE Cray programming environment so recipes need to be adapted. LUMI does offer a growing library of Cray-specific installation recipes though. The whole setup of EasyBuild is done such that you can build on top of the central software stack and such that your modules appear in your module view without having to add directories by hand to environment variables etc. You only need to point to the place where you want to install software for your project as LUMI cannot automatically determine a suitable place.

The LUST does offer some help to set up Spack also but it is mostly offered "as is" and LUST will not do bug-fixing or development in Spack package files. Spack is very attractive for users who want to set up a personal environment with fully customised versions of the software rather than the rather fixed versions provided by EasyBuild for every version of the software stack. It is possible to specify versions for the main packages that you need and then let Spack figure out a minimal compatible set of dependencies to install those packages.

Software policies

As any site, LUMI also has a number of policies about software installation, and these policies are further developed as the LUMI team gains experience in what they can do with the amount of people in LUST and what they cannot do.

LUMI uses a bring-your-own-license model except for a selection of tools that are useful to a larger community.

• This is partly caused by the distributed user management as the LUST does not even have the necessary information to determine if a particular user can use a particular license, so that responsibility must be shifted to people who have that information, which is often the PI of your project.
• You also have to take into account that up to 20% of LUMI is reserved for industry use which makes negotiations with software vendors rather difficult as they will want to push LUMI onto the industrial rather than academic pricing as they have no guarantee that LUMI operations will obey to the academic license restrictions.
• And lastly, the LUMI project doesn't have an infinite budget. There was a questionnaire sent out to some groups even before the support team was assembled and that contained a number of packages that by themselves would likely consume the whole LUMI software budget for a single package if I look at the size of the company that produces the package and the potential size of their industrial market. So LUMI has to make choices and with any choice for a very specialised package you favour a few groups. And there is also a political problem as without doubt the EuroHPC JU would prefer that LUMI invests in packages that are developed by European companies or at least have large development teams in Europe.

The LUMI User Support Team tries to help with installations of recent software but porting or bug correction in software is not their task. Some consortium countries may also have a local support team that can help. As a user, you have to realise that not all Linux or even supercomputer software will work on LUMI. This holds even more for software that comes only as a binary. The biggest problems are the GPU and anything that uses distributed memory and requires high performance from the interconnect. For example,

• software that use NVIDIA proprietary programming models and libraries needs to be ported.
• Binaries that do only contain NVIDIA code paths, even if the programming model is supported on AMD GPUs, will not run on LUMI.
• The LUMI interconnect requires libfabric, the Open Fabrics Interface (OFI) library, using a specific provider for the NIC used on LUMI, the so-called Cassini provider (CXI), so any software compiled with an MPI library that requires UCX, or any other distributed memory model built on top of UCX, will not work on LUMI, or at least not work efficiently as there might be a fallback path to TCP communications.
• Even intra-node interprocess communication can already cause problems as there are three different kernel extensions that provide more efficient interprocess messaging than the standard Linux mechanism. Many clusters use knem for that but on LUMI xpmem is used. So software that is not build to support xpmem will also fall back to the default mechanism or fail.
• Also, the MPI implementation needs to collaborate with certain modules in our Slurm installation to start correctly and experience has shown that this can also be a source of trouble as the fallback mechanisms that are often used do not work on LUMI.
• Containers solve none of these problems. There can be more subtle compatibility problems also. As has been discussed earlier in the course, LUMI runs SUSE Linux and not Ubuntu which is popular on workstations or a Red Hat-derived Linux popular on many clusters. Subtle differences between Linux versions can cause compatibility problems that in some cases can be solved with containers. But containers won't help you if they are build for different kernel extensions and hardware interfaces.
• The compute nodes also lack some Linux daemons that may be present on smaller clusters. HPE Cray use an optimised Linux version called COS or Cray Operating System on the compute nodes. It is optimised to reduce OS jitter and hence to enhance scalability of applications as that is after all the primary goal of a pre-exascale machine. But that implies that certain Linux daemons that your software may expect to find are not present on the compute nodes. D-Bus comes to mind.

Also, the LUMI user support team is too small to do all software installations which is why LUMI currently states in its policy that a LUMI user should be capable of installing their software themselves or have another support channel. The LUST cannot install every single piece of often badly documented research-quality code that was never meant to be used by people who don't understand the code. Again some help is possible at the Belgian level but our resources are also limited.

Another soft compatibility problem that I did not yet mention is that software that accesses tens of thousands of small files and abuses the file system as a database rather than using structured data formats designed to organise data on supercomputers is not welcome on LUMI. For that reason LUMI also requires to containerize conda and Python installations. On LUMI two tools are offered for this.

1. cotainr is a tool developed by the Danish LUMI-partner DeIC that helps with building some types of containers that can be built in user space. Its current version focusses on containerising a conda-installation.
2. The second tool is a container-based wrapper generator that offers a way to install conda packages or to install Python packages with pip on top of the Python provided by the cray-python module. On LUMI the tool is called lumi-container-wrapper but users of the CSC national systems will know it as Tykky.

Both tools are pre-installed on the system and ready-to-use.

Organisation of the software in software stacks

LUMI offers several software stacks:

CrayEnv is the minimal software stack for users who only need the Cray Programming Environment but want a more recent set of build tools etc than the OS provides. We also take care of a few issues that we will discuss on the next slide that are present right after login on LUMI.

Next we have the stacks called "LUMI". Each one corresponds to a particular release of the HPE Cray Programming Environment. It is the stack in which the LUST installs software using that programming environment and mostly EasyBuild. The Cray Programming Environment modules are still used, but they are accessed through a replacement for the PrgEnv modules that is managed by EasyBuild. There are tuned versions for the 3 types of hardware in the regular LUMI system: zen2 CPUs in the login nodes and large memory nodes, zen3 for the LUMI-C compute nodes and zen3 + MI250X for the LUMI-G partition. If the need would arrise, a fourth partition could be created for the visualisation nodes with zen2 CPUs and NVIDIA GPUs.

LUMI also offers an extensible software stack based on Spack which has been pre-configured to use the compilers from the Cray PE. This stack is offered as-is for users who know how to use Spack, but support is limited and no bug-fixing in Spack is done.

In the far future the LUST will also look at a stack based on the common EasyBuild toolchains as-is, but problems are expected with MPI that will make this difficult to implement, and the common toolchains also do not yet support the AMD GPU ecosystem, so no promises whatsoever are made about a time frame for this development.

3 ways to access the Cray Programming environment on LUMI.

Bare environment and CrayEnv

Right after login you have a very bare environment available with the Cray Programming Environment with the PrgEnv-cray module loaded. It gives you basically what you can expect on a typical Cray system. There aren't many tools available, basically mostly only the tools in the base OS image and some tools that will not impact software installed in one of the software stacks. The set of target modules loaded is the one for the login nodes and not tuned to any particular node type. As a user you're fully responsible for managing the target modules, reloading them when needed or loading the appropriate set for the hardware you're using or want to cross-compile for.

The second way to access the Cray Programming Environment is through the CrayEnv software stack. This stack offers an "enriched" version of the Cray environment. It takes care of the target modules: Loading or reloading CrayEnv will reload an optimal set of target modules for the node you're on. It also provides some additional tools like newer build tools than provided with the OS. They are offered here and not in the bare environment to be sure that those tools don't create conflicts with software in other stacks. But otherwise the Cray Programming Environment works exactly as you'd expect from this course or the 4-day comprehensive courses that LUST organises.

LUMI stack

The third way to access the Cray Programming Environment is through the LUMI software stacks, where each stack is based on a particular release of the HPE Cray Programming Environment. We advise against mixing with modules that came with other versions of the Cray PE, but they remain accessible although they are hidden from the default view for regular users. It is also better to not use the PrgEnv modules, but the equivalent LUMI EasyBuild toolchains instead as indicated by the following table:

HPE Cray PE	LUMI toolchain	What?
PrgEnv-cray	cpeCray	Cray Compiling Environment
PrgEnv-gnu	cpeGNU	GNU C/C++ and Fortran
PrgEnv-aocc	cpeAOCC	AMD CPU compilers (login nodes and LUMI-C only)
PrgEnv-amd	cpeAMD	AMD ROCm GPU compilers (LUMI-G only)

The cpeCray etc modules also load the MPI libraries and Cray LibSci just as the PrgEnv modules do. And they are sometimes used to work around problems in Cray-provided modules that cannot changed easily due to the way system administration on a Cray system is done.

This is also the environment in which the LUST installs most software, and from the name of the modules you can see which compilers we used.

LUMI stack module organisation

To manage the heterogeneity in the hardware, the LUMI software stack uses two levels of modules

First there are the LUMI/22.08, LUMI/22.12, LUMI/23.03 and LUMI/23.09 modules. Each of the LUMI modules loads a particular version of the LUMI stack.

The second level consists of partition modules. There is partition/L for the login and large memory nodes, partition/C for the regular compute nodes and partition/G for the AMD GPU nodes. There may be a separate partition for the visualisation nodes in the future but that is not clear yet.

There is also a hidden partition/common module in which software is installed that is available everywhere, but we advise you to be careful to install software in there in your own installs as it is risky to rely on software in one of the regular partitions, and impossible in our EasyBuild setup.

The LUMI module will automatically load the best partition module for the current hardware whenever it is loaded or reloaded. So if you want to cross-compile, you can do so by loading a different partition module after loading the LUMI module, but you'll have to reload every time you reload the LUMI module.

Hence you should also be very careful in your job scripts. On LUMI the environment from the login nodes is used when your job starts, so unless you switched to the suitable partition for the compute nodes, your job will start with the software stack for the login nodes. If in your job script you reload the LUMI module it will instead switch to the software stack that corresponds to the type of compute node you're using and more optimised binaries can be available. If for some reason you'd like to use the same software on LUMI-C and on the login or large memory nodes and don't want two copies of locally installed software, you'll have to make sure that after reloading the LUMI module in your job script you explicitly load the partition/L module.

EasyBuild to extend the LUMI software stack

Installing software on HPC systems

Software on HPC systems is rarely installed from RPMs (a popular format to package Linux software distributed as binaries) or any other similar format for various reasons. Generic RPMs are rarely optimised for the specific CPU of the system as they have to work on a range of systems and including optimised code paths in a single executable for multiple architectures is hard to even impossible. Secondly generic RPMs might not even work with the specific LUMI environment. They may not fully support the Slingshot interconnect and hence run at reduced speed, or they may need particular kernel modules or daemons that are not present on the system or they may not work well with the resource manager on the system. This is expected to happen especially with packages that require specific MPI versions or implementations. Moreover, LUMI is a multi-user system so there is usually no "one version fits all". And LUMI needs a small system image as nodes are diskless which means that RPMs need to be relocatable so that they can be installed elsewhere.

Spack and EasyBuild are the two most popular HPC-specific software build and installation frameworks. These two systems usually install packages from sources so that the software can be adapted to the underlying hardware and operating system. They do offer a mean to communicate and execute installation instructions easily so that in practice once a package is well supported by these tools a regular user can install them also. Both packages make software available via modules so that you can customise your environment and select appropriate versions for your work. And they do take care of dependency handling in a way that is compatible with modules.

Extending the LUMI stack with EasyBuild

On LUMI EasyBuild is the primary software installation tool. EasyBuild was selected as there is already a lot of experience with EasyBuild in several LUMI consortium countries and as it is also a tool developed in Europe which makes it a nice fit with EuroHPC's goal of creating a fully European HPC ecosystem.

EasyBuild is fully integrated in the LUMI software stack. Loading the LUMI module will not only make centrally installed packages available, but also packages installed in your personal or project stack. Installing packages in that space is done by loading the EasyBuild-user module that will load a suitable version of EasyBuild and configure it for installation in a way that is compatible with the LUMI stack. EasyBuild will then use existing modules for dependencies if those are already on the system or in your personal or project stack.

Note however that the built-in easyconfig files that come with EasyBuild do not work on LUMI at the moment.

• For the GNU toolchain there would be problems with MPI. EasyBuild uses Open MPI and that needs to be configured differently to work well on LUMI, and there are also still issues with getting it to collaborate with the resource manager as it is installed on LUMI.
• The Intel-based toolchains have their problems also. At the moment, the Intel compilers with the AMD CPUs are a problematic cocktail. There have recently been performance and correctness problems with the MKL math library and also failures with some versions of Intel MPI, and you need to be careful selecting compiler options and not use -xHost or the classic Intel compilers will simply optimize for a two decades old CPU. The situation is better with the new LLVM-based compilers though, and it looks like very recent versions of MKL are less AMD-hostile. Problems have also been reported with Intel MPI running on LUMI.

Instead LUMI has its own EasyBuild build recipes that are also made available in the LUMI-EasyBuild-contrib GitHub repository. The EasyBuild configuration done by the EasyBuild-user module will find a copy of that repository on the system or in your own install directory. The latter is useful if you always want the very latest, before it is even deployed on the system.

LUMI also offers the LUMI Software Library which documents all software for which there are LUMI-specific EasyBuild recipes available. This includes both the pre-installed software and the software for which recipes are provided in the LUMI-EasyBuild-contrib GitHub repository, and even instructions for some software that is not suitable for installation through EasyBuild or Spack, e.g., because it likes to write in its own directories while running.

EasyBuild recipes - easyconfigs

EasyBuild uses a build recipe for each individual package, or better said, each individual module as it is possible to install more than one software package in the same module. That installation description relies on either a generic or a specific installation process provided by an easyblock. The build recipes are called easyconfig files or simply easyconfigs and are Python files with the extension .eb.

The typical steps in an installation process are:

1. Downloading sources and patches. For licensed software you may have to provide the sources as often they cannot be downloaded automatically.
2. A typical configure - build - test - install process, where the test process is optional and depends on the package providing useable pre-installation tests.
3. An extension mechanism can be used to install perl/python/R extension packages
4. Then EasyBuild will do some simple checks (some default ones or checks defined in the recipe)
5. And finally it will generate the module file using lots of information specified in the EasyBuild recipe.

Most or all of these steps can be influenced by parameters in the easyconfig.

The toolchain concept

EasyBuild uses the toolchain concept. A toolchain consists of compilers, an MPI implementation and some basic mathematics libraries. The latter two are optional in a toolchain. All these components have a level of exchangeability as there are language standards, as MPI is standardised, and the math libraries that are typically included are those that provide a standard API for which several implementations exist. All these components also have in common that it is risky to combine pieces of code compiled with different sets of such libraries and compilers because there can be conflicts in names in the libraries.

LUMI doesn't use the standard EasyBuild toolchains but its own toolchains specifically for Cray and these are precisely the cpeCray, cpeGNU, cpeAOCC and cpeAMD modules already mentioned before.

HPE Cray PE	LUMI toolchain	What?
PrgEnv-cray	cpeCray	Cray Compiling Environment
PrgEnv-gnu	cpeGNU	GNU C/C++ and Fortran
PrgEnv-aocc	cpeAOCC	AMD CPU compilers (login nodes and LUMI-C only)
PrgEnv-amd	cpeAMD	AMD ROCm GPU compilers (LUMI-G only)

There is also a special toolchain called the SYSTEM toolchain that uses the compiler provided by the operating system. This toolchain does not fully function in the same way as the other toolchains when it comes to handling dependencies of a package and is therefore a bit harder to use. The EasyBuild designers had in mind that this compiler would only be used to bootstrap an EasyBuild-managed software stack, but on LUMI it is used for a bit more as it offers a relatively easy way to compile some packages also for the CrayEnv stack and do this in a way that they interact as little as possible with other software.

It is not possible to load packages from different cpe toolchains at the same time. This is an EasyBuild restriction, because mixing libraries compiled with different compilers does not always work. This could happen, e.g., if a package compiled with the Cray Compiling Environment and one compiled with the GNU compiler collection would both use a particular library, as these would have the same name and hence the last loaded one would be used by both executables (LUMI doesn't use rpath or runpath linking in EasyBuild for those familiar with that technique).

However, as LUMI does not use hierarchy in the Lmod implementation of the software stack at the toolchain level, the module system will not protect you from these mistakes. When the LUST set up the software stack, most people in the support team considered it too misleading and difficult to ask users to first select the toolchain they want to use and then see the software for that toolchain.

It is however possible to combine packages compiled with one CPE-based toolchain with packages compiled with the system toolchain, but you should avoid mixing those when linking as that may cause problems. The reason that it works when running software is because static linking is used as much as possible in the SYSTEM toolchain so that these packages are as independent as possible.

And with some tricks it might also be possible to combine packages from the LUMI software stack with packages compiled with Spack, but one should make sure that no Spack packages are available when building as mixing libraries could cause problems. Spack uses rpath linking which is why this may work.

EasyConfig names and module names

There is a convention for the naming of an EasyConfig as shown on the slide. This is not mandatory, but EasyBuild will fail to automatically locate easyconfigs for dependencies of a package that are not yet installed if the easyconfigs don't follow the naming convention. Each part of the name also corresponds to a parameter in the easyconfig file.

Consider, e.g., the easyconfig file GROMACS-2022.5-cpeGNU-23.09-PLUMED-2.9.0-noPython-CPU.eb.

1. The first part of the name, GROMACS, is the name of the package, specified by the name parameter in the easyconfig, and is after installation also the name of the module.
2. The second part, 2022.5, is the version of GROMACS and specified by the version parameter in the easyconfig.

3. The next part, cpeGNU-23.09 is the name and version of the toolchain, specified by the toolchain parameter in the easyconfig. The version of the toolchain must always correspond to the version of the LUMI stack. So this is an easyconfig for installation in LUMI/23.09.

   This part is not present for the SYSTEM toolchain

4. The final part, -PLUMED-2.9.0-noPython-CPU, is the version suffix and used to provide additional information and distinguish different builds with different options of the same package. It is specified in the versionsuffix parameter of the easyconfig.

   This part is optional.

The version, toolchain + toolchain version and versionsuffix together also combine to the version of the module that will be generated during the installation process. Hence this easyconfig file will generate the module GROMACS/2022.5-cpeGNU-23.09-PLUMED-2.9.0-noPython-CPU.

Installing

Step 1: Where to install

Let's now discuss how you can extend the central LUMI software stack with packages that you need for your project.

The default location for the EasyBuild user modules and software is in $HOME/EasyBuild. This is not the ideal place though as then the software is not available for other users in your project, and as the size of your home directory is also limited and cannot be expanded. The home file system on LUMI is simply not meant to install software. However, as LUMI users can have multiple projects there is no easy way to figure out automatically where else to install software.

The best place to install software is in your project directory so that it also becomes available for the whole project. After all, a project is meant to be a collaboration between all participants of the project to solve a scientific problem. You'll need to point LUMI to the right location though and that has to be done by setting the environment variable EBU_USER_PREFIX to point to the location where you want to have your custom installation. Also don't forget to export that variable as otherwise the module system and EasyBuild will not find it when they need it. So a good choice would be something like export EBU_USER_PREFIX=/project/project_465000000/EasyBuild. You have to do this before loading the LUMI module as it is then already used to ensure that user modules are included in the module search path. You can do this in your .profile or .bashrc. This variable is not only used by EasyBuild-user to know where to install software, but also by the LUMI - or actually the partition - module to find software so all users in your project who want to use the software should set that variable.

Step 2: Configure the environment

The next step is to configure your environment. First load the proper version of the LUMI stack for which you want to install software, and you may want to change to the proper partition also if you are cross-compiling.

Once you have selected the software stack and partition, all you need to do to activate EasyBuild to install additional software is to load the LUMI module, load a partition module if you want a different one from the default, and then load the EasyBuild-user module. In fact, if you switch to a different partition or LUMI module after loading EasyBuild-user EasyBuild will still be correctly reconfigured for the new stack and new partition.

Cross-compilation which is installing software for a different partition than the one you're working on does not always work since there is so much software around with installation scripts that don't follow good practices, but when it works it is easy to do on LUMI by simply loading a different partition module than the one that is auto-loaded by the LUMI module. It works correctly for a lot of CPU-only software, but fails more frequently for GPU software as the installation scripts will try to run scripts that detect which GPU is present, or try to run tests on the GPU, even if you tell which GPU type to use, which does not work on the login nodes.

Note that the EasyBuild-user module is only needed for the installation process. For using the software that is installed that way it is sufficient to ensure that EBU_USER_PREFIX has the proper value before loading the LUMI module.

Step 3: Install the software.

Let's look at GROMACS as an example. I will not try to do this completely live though as the installation takes 15 or 20 minutes.

First we need to figure out for which versions of GROMACS there is already support on LUMI. An easy way to do that is to simply check the LUMI Software Library. This web site lists all software that we manage via EasyBuild and make available either pre-installed on the system or as an EasyBuild recipe for user installation. Alternatively one can use eb -S or eb --search for that. So in our example this is

eb --search GROMACS

Results of the searches:

In the LUMI Software Library, after some scrolling through the page for GROMACS, the list of EasyBuild recipes is found in the "User-installable modules (and EasyConfigs)" section:

eb --search GROMACS produces:

while eb -S GROMACS produces:

The information provided by both variants of the search command is the same, but -S presents the information in a more compact form.

Now let's take the variant GROMACS-2022.5-cpeGNU-23.09-PLUMED-2.9.0-noPython-CPU.eb. This is GROMACS 2022.5 with the PLUMED 2.9.0 plugin, built with the GNU compilers from LUMI/23.09, and a build meant for CPU-only systems. The -CPU extension is not always added for CPU-only system, but in case of GROMACS there already is a GPU version for AMD GPUs in active development so even before LUMI-G was active we chose to ensure that we could distinguish between GPU and CPU-only versions. To install it, we first run

eb GROMACS-2022.5-cpeGNU-23.09-PLUMED-2.9.0-noPython-CPU.eb –D

The -D flag tells EasyBuild to just perform a check for the dependencies that are needed when installing this package, while the -r argument is needed to tell EasyBuild to also look for dependencies in a preset search path. The installation of dependencies is not automatic since there are scenarios where this is not desired and it cannot be turned off as easily as it can be turned on.

The output of this command looks like:

Looking at the output we see that EasyBuild will also need to install PLUMED for us. But it will do so automatically when we run

eb GROMACS-2022.5-cpeGNU-23.09-PLUMED-2.9.0-noPython-CPU.eb -r

Running EasyBuild to install GROMACS and dependency

The command

eb GROMACS-2022.5-cpeGNU-23.09-PLUMED-2.9.0-noPython-CPU.eb -r

results in:

EasyBuild detects PLUMED is a dependency and because of the -r option, it first installs the required version of PLUMED.

When the installation of PLUMED finishes, EasyBuild starts the installation of GROMACS. It mentions something we haven't seen when installing PLUMED:

== starting iteration #0

GROMACS can be installed in many configurations, and they generate executables with different names. Our EasyConfig combines 4 popular installations in one: Single and double precision and with and without MPI, so it will do 4 iterations. As EasyBuild is developed by geeks, counting starts from 0.

This takes too long to wait for, but once it finished the software should be available and you should be able to see the module in the output of

module avail

Step 3: Install the software - Note

Installing software this way is 100% equivalent to an installation in the central software tree. The application is compiled in exactly the same way as we would do and served from the same file systems. But it helps keep the output of module avail reasonably short and focused on your projects, and it puts you in control of installing updates. For instance, we may find out that something in a module does not work for some users and that it needs to be re-installed. Do this in the central stack and either you have to chose a different name or risk breaking running jobs as the software would become unavailable during the re-installation and also jobs may get confused if they all of a sudden find different binaries. However, have this in your own stack extension and you can update whenever it suits your project best or even not update at all if you figure out that the problem we discovered has no influence on your work.

Lmod does keep a user cache of modules. EasyBuild will try to erase that cache after a software installation to ensure that the newly installed module(s) show up immediately. We have seen some very rare cases where clearing the cache did not help likely because some internal data structures in Lmod where corrupt. The easiest way to solve this is to simply log out and log in again and rebuild your environment.

In case you see strange behaviour using modules you can also try to manually remove the Lmod user cache which is in $HOME/.cache/lmod. You can do this with

rm -rf $HOME/.cache/lmod

(With older versions of Lmod the cache directory is $HOME/.lmod.d/cache.)

More advanced work

You can also install some EasyBuild recipes that you got from support. For this it is best to create a subdirectory where you put those files, then go into that directory and run something like

eb my_recipe.eb -r . 

The dot after the -r is very important here as it does tell EasyBuild to also look for dependencies in the current directory, the directory where you have put the recipes you got from support, but also in its subdirectories so for speed reasons you should not do this just in your home directory but in a subdirectory that only contains those files.

In some cases you will have to download sources by hand as packages don't allow to download software unless you sign in to their web site first. This is the case for a lot of licensed software, for instance, for VASP. LUMI would likely be in violation of the license if it would offer the download somewhere where EasyBuild can find it, and it is also a way to ensure that you have a license for VASP. For instance,

eb --search VASP

will tell you for which versions of VASP LUMI provides EasyBuild recipes, but you will still have to download the source file that the EasyBuild recipe expects. Put it somewhere in a directory, and then from that directory run EasyBuild, for instance for VASP 6.3.0 with the GNU compilers:

eb VASP-6.4.1-cpeGNU-22.12-build01.eb –r . 

More advanced work (2): Repositories

It is also possible to have your own clone of the LUMI-EasyBuild-contrib GitHub repository in your $EBU_USER_PREFIX subdirectory if you want the latest and greatest before it is in the centrally maintained clone of the repository. All you need to do is

cd $EBU_USER_PREFIX
git clone https://github.com/Lumi-supercomputer/LUMI-EasyBuild-contrib.git

and then of course keep the repository up to date.

And it is even possible to maintain your own GitHub repository. The only restrictions are that it should also be in $EBU_USER_PREFIX and that the subdirectory should be called UserRepo, but that doesn't stop you from using a different name for the repository on GitHub. After cloning your GitHub version you can always change the name of the directory. The structure should also be compatible with the structure that EasyBuild uses, so easyconfig files go in $EBU_USER_PREFIX/UserRepo/easybuild/easyconfigs.

More advanced work (3): Reproducibility

EasyBuild also takes care of a high level of reproducibility of installations.

It will keep a copy of all the downloaded sources in the $EBU_USER_PREFIX/sources subdirectory (unless the sources are already available elswhere where EasyBuild can find them, e.g., in the system EasyBuild sources directory), and use that source file again rather than downloading it again. Of course in some cases those "sources" could be downloaded tar files with binaries instead as EasyBuild can install downloaded binaries or relocatable RPMs. And if you know the structure of those directories, this is also a place where you could manually put the downloaded installation files for licensed software.

Moreover, EasyBuild also keeps copies of all installed easyconfig files in two locations.

1. There is a copy in $EBU_USER_PREFIX/ebrepo_files. And in fact, EasyBuild will use this version first if you try to re-install and did not delete this version first. This is a policy we set on LUMI which has both its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that it ensures that the information that EasyBuild has about the installed application is compatible with what is in the module files. But the disadvantage of course is that if you install an EasyConfig file without being in the subdirectory that contains that file, it is easily overlooked that it is installing based on the EasyConfig in the ebrepo_files subdirectory and not based on the version of the recipe that you likely changed and is in your user repository or one of the other repositories that EasyBuild uses.
2. The second copy is with the installed software in $EBU_USER_PREFIX/SW in a subdirectory called easybuild. This subdirectory is meant to have all information about how EasyBuild installed the application, also some other files that play a role in the installation process, and hence to help in reproducing an installation or checking what's in an existing installation. It is also the directory where you will find the extensive log file with all commands executed during the installation and their output.

EasyBuild tips and tricks

Updating the version of a package often requires only trivial changes in the easyconfig file. However, we do tend to use checksums for the sources so that we can detect if the available sources have changed. This may point to files being tampered with, or other changes that might need us to be a bit more careful when installing software and check a bit more again. Should the checksum sit in the way, you can always disable it by using --ignore-checksums with the eb command.

Updating an existing recipe to a new toolchain might be a bit more involving as you also have to make build recipes for all dependencies. When a toolchain is updated on the system, the versions of all installed libraries are often also bumped to one of the latest versions to have most bug fixes and security patches in the software stack, so you need to check for those versions also to avoid installing yet another unneeded version of a library.

LUMI provides documentation on the available software that is either pre-installed or can be user-installed with EasyBuild in the LUMI Software Library. For most packages this documentation does also contain information about the license. The user documentation for some packages gives more information about how to use the package on LUMI, or sometimes also about things that do not work. The documentation also shows all EasyBuild recipes, and for many packages there is also some technical documentation that is more geared towards users who want to build or modify recipes. It sometimes also tells why things are done in a particular way.

EasyBuild training for advanced users and developers

Pointers to all information about EasyBuild can be found on the EasyBuild web site easybuild.io. This page also includes links to training materials, both written and as recordings on YouTube, and the EasyBuild documentation.

Generic EasyBuild training materials are available on tutorial.easybuild.io. The site also contains a LUST-specific tutorial oriented towards Cray systems.

There is also a later course developed by LUST for developers of EasyConfigs for LUMI that can be found on lumi-supercomputer.github.io/easybuild-tutorial.